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***Review of European Economic Policy*

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### Conference Announcement
US Policy Shifts and the Changing Global Economic Landscape: What Implications for Europe?

Join us for the 15th CEPS-Intereconomics annual conference exploring how global finance is being reshaped amid shifting power dynamics and rising geopolitical tensions. A system once grounded in reciprocity and predictability now risks fragmentation and a shift towards multipolar rebalancing, with significant consequences for financial stability and international cooperation. For Europe, these dynamics intersect directly with debates on strategic autonomy and the evolving role of the euro, raising urgent questions about Europe’s resilience and position in a rapidly changing global order.

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### Forum · Issue 5 · 2025
Policy Innovation for a New World Order

Long-held economic and political certainties are eroding and the shape of the emerging world order is still vague. This Forum brings together articles that imagine a new world order, one that looks diff erent from the current system shaped by decades of belief in free markets and globalisation. What might a forward-looking industrial policy look like – one that does not just react to crises? What kind of climate policy truly brings people on board? How could globalisation be more inclusive and avoid trade wars or the abuse of power by tech giants? The contributors to this Forum, who took part in the Forum New Economy’s 2025 Berlin Summit, continue the dialogue on how to win back the future.

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### Forum · Issue 4 · 2025
From Conflict to Coordination: Europe’s Industrial and Competition Policies Amid Geoeconomic Uncertainty

In today’s shifting global landscape, the long-held view that industrial policy and competition policy are fundamentally at odds is being reconsidered. Governments are increasingly exploring how these policy tools might reinforce one another. In the European context, this shift has become increasingly urgent, as industries face investment stagnation, rising production costs and technological gaps that national measures alone struggle to address.

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### Forum · Issue 3 · 2025
Embracing Deregulation in the European Union

The European Union is reconsidering its regulatory framework, aiming to reduce burdensome red tape while maintaining its core values. There is a growing awareness that excessive regulation can impede innovation and place strain on businesses, particularly within dynamic sectors such as technology and sustainability. In this Forum, contributors break down the challenges that are holding the EU back from reaching its targets efficiently and effectively, and offer paths forward.

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### Forum · Issue 2 · 2025
Geopolitics, Big Tech and the Future of European Security

In just a few short months, the new government administration in the United States has thrown the world order into disarray. A potential global trade war, new global value chain configurations and shifting security alliances are reshaping geopolitics. Given the current uncertainty, access to developing technologies will be decisive. What steps can the European Union take to ensure its technological sovereignty? How should it go about relations with China and the new Trump Administration with regards to its tech policy? What role does Big Tech play in European security?

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### Forum · Issue 1 · 2025
EU Competitiveness: Navigating Challenges and Seizing Opportunities

Europe’s economic productivity faces long-term stagnation, with recent shocks such as the war in Ukraine disrupting the post-pandemic recovery and exposing vulnerabilities in the EU’s competitiveness. Against this backdrop, Mario Draghi’s recent report has reignited policy debates on fostering economic productivity through innovation, advancing education and skills. This Forum features contributions from the participants in the 2024 joint annual CEPS-Intereconomics conference and examines a number of the key questions to consider in addressing EU competitiveness.

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### Editorial
Winning Back the Future – Preparing for a Comeback of Democracy

Shrinking confidence in democracy is due in part to the failure of market-liberal globalisation that has left many feeling helpless and angry. **Thomas Fricke** writes that parallels from histroy can help understand where things stand today and where to go from here.

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### Forum
Towards the Next World Order – Lessons from History

What might a new world order look like and who will shape it?Global challenges,from geopolitical tensions to China’s rise, demand a shift in perspective, says **Adam Tooze**. Rather than seeking fixed structures, attention must turn to continuous processes of world ordering, practical collaboration and strategic engagement.

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Roman Wimmers / Unsplash

### Letter from America
A Digital Payment System for European Monetary Autonomy

The European Union faces a critical juncture in monetary policy autonomy, writes **Nicholas Creel**, as he sheds light on a pathway towards reduced dollar dependence without abandoning multilateral cooperation

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### Forum
It Should Be About the Economy – Are Voters Stupid?

Despite a comparatively strong economic outlook in 2024, American voters chose Donald Trump. Does this mean voters no longer care about the economy? **Robert Gold** argues that they do – but not always in the way predicted by conventional theory. By contrasting “Bidenomics” in the United States with regional policy in the European Union, the article explores potential explanations for the apparent inconsistency in voting behaviour.

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### Forum
Beyond Carbon Pricing: Designing Climate Policy

Addressing the climate crisis requires a rapid transformation towards sustainable energy production and the electrification of other sectors, which carbon pricing alone has proven insufficient to deliver. **Isabella Wedl** and **Eric Lonergan** outline an economic framework that moves beyond the narrow lens of externalities and draws attention to the key roles that capital costs and price elasticity play in shaping green investment and the shift to low-carbon consumption.

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### Forum
Beyond Trade Wars and Economic Nationalism

Once dismissed as inefficient, government intervention is now seen as vital for addressing climate change, technological competition and supply chain vulnerabilities. Yet the rise of uncoordinated national strategies risks fuelling new trade conflicts and economic fragmentation. **David Kläffing** and **Thomas Fricke** argue for a cooperative global framework that allows legitimate industrial policies while limiting harmful protectionism.

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## Quote of the Month

"While China may not be in the business of creating a new American-style world order, it is undeniably in the business of world ordering. China is not just inheriting the world the West made, including through imperialism; it is actively engaged in reshaping it, or world making."

**Adam Tooze**

Towards the Next World Order – Lessons from History

## Current Issue

Volume 60
2025
Issue 5

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## Figure of the Month

### Composition of EU total revenue, 1958-2023

The EU budget is financed from own resources and other revenue, which together make up total EU revenue. Other revenue has long been neglected in the academic and policy debate on reform needs and options for the EU revenue system. Only recently, as debates have intensified on how to align revenues more closely with EU policy goals, how to reduce national contributions and how to expand the Union's autonomous revenue base, has this category begun to receive greater attention.

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Intereconomics is published by ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics and CEPS – Centre for European Policy Studies. Intereconomics is a platform for the publication of policy relevant aspects of economic research. It provides up-to-date information for policymakers and supports the exchange of ideas for the improvement of policy approaches. Intereconomics represents over 50 years of economic policy oriented publishing.

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